Altered Antigen Presentation in Myositis

It appears that lowering the cellular glutathione level may increase the chance of cellular antibodies triggering attack by T8+ cells, and conversely, increasing glutathione levels could minimise attack damage, at least if caused by this source (oxidative stress).

Deficiencies in glutathione effect antigen presentation and balance of Th1 vs Th2 response patterns. (Perterson, Herzenberg, Vasquez, et al. 1997) (1)

Another study also shows that low levels of intracellular glutathione correlate with defective antigen processing. (Short, Merkel, Caffrey, et al. 2005). (2)

Intracellular glutathione redox status in human dendritic cells (DCs) regulates the production of polarizing signals, such as IL-27, IL-12, and Th1/Th2 responses. Many results indicate that Th1 and Th2 balance are controlled by intracellular glutathione redox status in DCs through the production of IL-27 and IL-12.(3)

Definitely, the intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) deficiency  balance of Th1 vs Th2 response pattern. Poor IL-12 production correlated with a deficiency in intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations in diabetic patients.  Furthermore, the depletion of GSH in mice led to increased susceptibility to melioidosis, reduced production of IL-12p70, and poorer disease outcome. (4)

Other studies establish a correlation between low levels of GSH and increased susceptibility to M. tb infection through T_H2-directed response, which may be relieved with lGSH supplementation enhancing the T_H1 response. (5)

Footnotes:

 

1.Peterson J, Herzenberg L,Vasquez K,Waltenbaaugh C. Glutathione levels in antigen-presenting cells modulate th1 versus th2 response patterns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 95, pp. 3071–3076, 1998 as found at VIEW

 2.Short S, Merkel B,Caffrey R,McCoy KL. Defective antigen processing correlates with a low level of intracellular glutathione. European Journal of Immunology , vol 26 issue 12 pp 3015-3020, 1996 as found at VIEW

 

3. Kunio D, Yosuke K, Mitsuyoshi U, Akihito O, Tamotsu I, Takeshi H, Yasuhiko K, Masatomo M. . Intracellular glutathione redox status in human dendritic cells regulates Th1/Th2 balance through IL-12 and IL-27 production .European respiratory society Published 1 September 2012. vol. 40 no. Suppl 56.link:  http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/40/Suppl_56/P2330 

4. Kai S, Kok O, Kee C, Akshamal M, Yichun L, Geek-Yen G Tan, Hui Qi V Koh, Sylvie A , and Yunn-Hwen G. J Glutathione deficiency in type 2 diabetes impairs cytokine responses and control of intracellular bacteria. Clin Invest. 2012 Jun 1; 122(6): 2289–2300. Published online 2012 May 1. doi:  10.1172/JCI57817 PMCID: PMC3366396Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3366396/

5. Ly J, Lagman M, Saing T, Singh Manpreet K, Tudela E, Morris D, Anderson J, Daliva J, Ochoa C, Patel N, Pearce D, and Venketaraman V. Liposomal Glutathione Supplementation Restores T_H1 Cytokine Response toMycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in HIV-Infected Individuals. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research. November 2015, 35(11): 875-887. doi:10.1089/jir.2014.0210.

 link: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/jir.2014.0210

 

 

Footnotes:

1. Peterson J, Herzenberg L,Vasquez K,Waltenbaaugh C. Glutathione levels in antigen-presenting cells modulate th1 versus th2 response patterns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 95, pp. 3071–3076, 1998 as found at VIEW

2. Short S, Merkel B,Caffrey R,McCoy KL. Defective antigen processing correlates with a low level of intracellular glutathione. European Journal of Immunology , vol 26 issue 12 pp 3015-3020, 1996 as found at VIEW