Need article on heat shock proteins.

Check arimoclomol and abstract at http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/8/331/331ra41.editor-summary

An early study by Bornman, Polla et al suggests that the expression of HSP90 may be more associated with myogenesis than with the disease pathology. [1.]

Bernman et all suggest that "Three main invading cell types [in polymyositis] are: macrophages, CD8+ T-cells, and myeloid dendritic cells. Invading CD8+ and CD68+ cells strongly express MCP-1, IP10, SDF-1, HSP90 and iNOS.

Further, it is suggested that "Chemokine/HSP/NOS repertoire is universal to polymyositis and sporadic inclusion body myositis." [2]

This expression of HSP90 in PM, including the co-localization with INOS was introduced by De Paepe in 2009, who ascribes HSP90 a dual role in PM. "Our results point to a multifaceted role for chaperones in muscle tissue: a general protective role for both HSP90 and HSP70 families in damaged muscle fibers, and a specific cytotoxic role for HSP90 in muscle fiber invasion typically associated with IBM and PM." [my emphasis] ^3.

The elevation of HSP90 is confirmed by Storkanova et al, who show that not only is HSP90 elevated in PM, but that the elevation correlates with disease activity, suggesting "Hsp90 might become a useful biomarker of disease activity and muscle involvement in IIM."^.4.

1. Bornman, Polla et al 1998, Heat-shock protein 90 and ubiquitin: Developmental regulation during myogenesis, Muscle & Nerve Volume 19, Issue 5, pages 574–580, May 1996,
2. Boel De Paepe^, ,Jan L. De Bleecker The nonnecrotic invaded muscle fibers of polymyositis and sporadic inclusion body myositis: On the interplay of chemokines and stress proteins  Neuroscience Letters  Volume 535, 22 February 2013, Pages 18–23 found at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030439401201600X
3. De Paepe, Creus, et al 2009 A Dual Role for HSP90 and HSP70 in the Inflammatory Myopathies: From Muscle Fiber Protection to Active Invasion by Macrophages, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Volume 1173, Contemporary Challenges in Autoimmunity pages 463–469, September 2009 found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04812.x/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=
4. Storkanova H, Krystufkova O, et al Plasma Levels of Heat Shock Protein 90 Are Increased in Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies and Correlate with Disease Activity, Skeletal Muscle, Heart and Lung Involvement [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015; 67 (suppl 10). as found at http://acrabstracts.org/abstract/plasma-levels-of-heat-shock-protein-90-are-increased-in-idiopathic-inflammatory-myopathies-and-correlate-with-disease-activity-skeletal-muscle-heart-and-lung-involvement/.